Ethnic Unity and Progress Promotion Law of the PRC — Full English Translation (2026)

Adopted at the Fourth Session of the Fourteenth National People’s Congress on March 12, 2026

Promulgated by Order No. 71 of the President of the People’s Republic of China on March 12, 2026

Effective: July 1, 2026

Table of Contents

Preamble

China is one of the countries with the longest histories in the world, and the Chinese nation is a great nation with a civilization of more than 5,000 years. Through prolonged interaction, exchange and integration, the people of all ethnic groups in China have together opened up the vast territory of the motherland, together created a unified multi-ethnic country, together written the glorious history of China, together created the splendid Chinese culture, and together cultivated the great national spirit, forging a community with a shared future in which bloodlines are intermingled, convictions are shared, cultures are connected, economies are interdependent and sentiments are intimately linked.

After 1840, feudal China gradually degenerated into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country. The people of all ethnic groups in China have always upheld the belief in great unity — that the territory must not be divided, the country must not fall into chaos, the ethnic groups must not be separated and the civilization must not be severed — and, through heroic struggles to save the nation from subjugation and resist foreign aggression, accomplished the great transformation of the Chinese nation from a state of being-in-itself to a state of self-awareness.

The Communist Party of China is the vanguard of the Chinese working class and, at the same time, the vanguard of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation. It has always taken seeking happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation as its original aspiration and mission, has united and led the people of all ethnic groups across the country in achieving national independence and the liberation of the people, founding the People’s Republic of China, ensuring that people of all ethnic groups truly enjoy equal political rights and jointly become masters of their own affairs, and realizing the common unity and struggle and common prosperity and development of all ethnic groups, and has creatively blazed a correct path of resolving ethnic issues with Chinese characteristics. The outlook of the Chinese nation has thus undergone historic transformation.

As socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, the Communist Party of China has persisted in integrating Marxist ethnic theory with the specific realities of China’s ethnic issues and with China’s fine traditional culture, has made fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation the main thread of the Party’s ethnic work and of all work in ethnic minority areas, has formed the important thought of the Communist Party of China on strengthening and improving ethnic work, has opened up a new horizon for adapting Marxist ethnic theory to the Chinese context and the times, and has achieved historic accomplishments in building the community for the Chinese nation.

The Chinese nation is a big family of unity in diversity formed by the convergence of all ethnic groups. Ethnic unity is the lifeline of the people of all ethnic groups in China. Realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is the common pursuit of all sons and daughters of the Chinese nation, and safeguarding national unity and promoting ethnic unity and progress is the common responsibility of all Chinese people.

The people of all ethnic groups throughout the country, all state organs and armed forces, all political parties and social organizations, and all enterprises, public institutions and other organizations shall, in accordance with the Constitution and the law, take fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and advancing the building of the community for the Chinese nation as their common task, keep in mind the fundamental and overall interests of the Chinese nation, take enhancing commonality as the direction, uphold, consolidate and develop the socialist ethnic relations characterized by equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony, promote the cause of ethnic unity and progress with high quality, advance Chinese modernization through the great unity of the Chinese nation, and strive in unity to build China into a great modern socialist country in all respects and to advance the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation on all fronts.

Chapter I — General Provisions

Article 1 — This Law is enacted in accordance with the Constitution for the purpose of promoting ethnic unity and progress, fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, advancing the building of the community for the Chinese nation, and promoting the realization of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

Article 2 — The cause of ethnic unity and progress shall uphold the overall leadership of the Communist Party of China, hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, adhere to Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents and the Scientific Outlook on Development, fully implement Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, consolidate the common ideological and political foundation for all ethnic groups to strive together in unity, unswervingly follow the correct path of resolving ethnic issues with Chinese characteristics, and pool strength for building a strong country and rejuvenating the nation.

Article 3 — In fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, the people of all ethnic groups shall be guided to firmly establish the concept of a community in which all share weal and woe, honor and disgrace, life and death, and a common destiny, so as to enhance the cohesion of the Chinese nation.

Article 4 — In advancing the building of the community for the Chinese nation, efforts shall be made to coordinate economic, political, cultural, social and ecological progress, fully realize the common prosperity and development of all ethnic groups, ensure that people of all ethnic groups jointly become masters of their own affairs, build a shared spiritual home for the Chinese nation, promote the all-round inter-embedding and extensive interaction, exchange and integration of all ethnic groups, jointly safeguard the ecological home in which humanity and nature coexist in harmony, and promote the Chinese nation to become a community with a shared future that enjoys a higher degree of identity and stronger cohesion.

Article 5 — All citizens of the People’s Republic of China are equal before the law. All ethnic groups of the People’s Republic of China are equal. Discrimination against or oppression of any ethnic group is prohibited.

Article 6 — A strong sense of community for the Chinese nation is the foundation of ethnic unity. The State shall persist in enhancing commonality while respecting and embracing differences, promote mutual assistance and harmonious coexistence among all ethnic groups, and safeguard the great unity of the Chinese nation. Acts that undermine ethnic unity or create ethnic division are prohibited.

Article 7 — The State shall promote the common unity and struggle and common prosperity and development of all ethnic groups, promote the coordinated development of material, political, cultural-ethical, social and ecological advancement, and comprehensively advance the development and progress of the Chinese nation.

Article 8 — The State shall uphold and improve the system of regional ethnic autonomy and safeguard national unity and ethnic unity.

Article 9 — The State shall persist in administering ethnic affairs in accordance with the law, protect the lawful rights and interests of the people of all ethnic groups in accordance with the law, strengthen publicity and education on the Constitution and laws, enhance the awareness of the State, citizenship and the rule of law among the people of all ethnic groups, uphold the unity, dignity and authority of socialist rule of law, and advance the modernization of the system and capacity for governing ethnic affairs on the track of the rule of law.

Article 10 — Citizens of the People’s Republic of China have the obligation to safeguard national unity and the unity of all ethnic groups throughout the country, and shall safeguard national sovereignty, security and development interests. The cause of ethnic unity and progress shall not be subject to interference by external forces. All acts of smearing, containing, suppressing, infiltrating and sabotaging the People’s Republic of China under the pretext of ethnicity, religion, human rights or otherwise shall be firmly opposed.

Chapter II — Building a Shared Spiritual Home

Article 11 — The State shall persist in taking the core socialist values as the guide, deepen education in patriotism, collectivism and socialism, guide the people of all ethnic groups to carry forward the national spirit with patriotism at its core and the spirit of the times with reform and innovation at its core, and strengthen their identification with the great motherland, the Chinese nation, Chinese culture, the Communist Party of China and socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Article 12 — The State shall organize publicity and education on the history of the Communist Party of China, the history of New China, the history of reform and opening-up, the history of socialist development and the history of the development of the Chinese nation, and guide the people of all ethnic groups to firmly establish correct views on the State, history, ethnic groups, culture and religion. Citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall strengthen their sense of the State, carry forward and promote the spirit of patriotism, and uphold the dignity of the national flag, national anthem, national emblem and other national symbols and signs.

Article 13 — The State shall develop advanced socialist culture, carry forward revolutionary culture and inherit the fine traditional Chinese culture, guide the people of all ethnic groups to strengthen their identification with Chinese culture, and enhance confidence in Chinese culture. The fine traditional cultures of all ethnic groups are components of Chinese culture. The State shall persist in guiding the creative transformation and innovative development of the fine traditional cultures of all ethnic groups with advanced socialist culture, and support the publicity and promotion of the fine traditional Chinese culture. People’s governments at all levels shall strengthen the excavation, protection and rational use of various cultural resources — including cultural relics and historic sites, traditional buildings, famous cities, towns, villages and streets, historic districts, traditional villages, and intangible cultural heritage — that reflect the formation and development of the community for the Chinese nation.

Article 14 — The State shall establish and highlight the Chinese cultural symbols and the image of the Chinese nation that are shared by all ethnic groups, and, relying on the cultural and natural heritage and other resources of the Chinese nation, promote the building of a system of symbols of the Chinese civilization. People’s governments at all levels shall encourage and support the expression and display of Chinese cultural symbols and the image of the Chinese nation in public facilities, planning and architectural design, exhibitions in scenic areas, the naming of places, public activities and other respects. Citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall uphold the image of the Chinese nation, respect the history of the formation and development of the Chinese nation, and shall not insult, disparage or desecrate it.

Article 15 — The State shall comprehensively promote and popularize the standard spoken and written Chinese language. No organization or individual may obstruct citizens from learning and using the standard spoken and written Chinese language. Schools and other educational institutions shall use the standard spoken and written Chinese language as the basic language for education and teaching. The State shall promote the learning of Mandarin (Putonghua) by preschool children and enable young people who have completed compulsory education to basically master the standard spoken and written Chinese language. State organs shall use the standard spoken and written Chinese language as the language for official business. Where, in accordance with relevant legal provisions, documents need to be issued in the spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities, the versions in both the standard spoken and written Chinese language and the spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities shall be provided simultaneously. Where state organs, social organizations, enterprises, public institutions and other social organizations need to use both the standard spoken and written Chinese language and the spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities in public places, they shall give prominence to the standard spoken and written Chinese language in terms of placement, order and other respects. The State shall respect and safeguard the learning and use of the spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities, promote the standardization, normalization and informatization of the spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities, and support the protection, collation, research and utilization of ancient books of ethnic minorities.

Article 16 — Schools of all levels and types and other educational institutions shall run the requirement of fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation through the entire process of education and integrate it into an education system combining classroom teaching, social practice, thematic education and online education. Schools of all levels and types and other educational institutions shall use the state-compiled textbooks in accordance with relevant state provisions. Education administrative departments shall implement the requirement of fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation in the compilation and review of textbooks. The education administration and ethnic affairs departments of the State Council and other departments shall organize the compilation of a series of textbooks or readers on the community for the Chinese nation.

Article 17 — The State shall promote the building of China’s own systems of historical materials, discourse and theory concerning the community for the Chinese nation, support institutions of higher learning, scientific research institutions and other units in strengthening research on major fundamental issues concerning the community for the Chinese nation, expound the history and connotations of the pattern of unity in diversity of the Chinese nation and the Chinese civilization, and reveal the reason, logic and philosophy behind the formation and development of the Chinese nation. The State shall support the cultivation of personnel for theoretical research on the community for the Chinese nation, optimize the setup and layout of disciplines and specialties, advance the building of the disciplinary system, and strengthen the building of research institutions on the community for the Chinese nation. The State shall support the building of platforms for academic exchange on the community for the Chinese nation and promote exchange and cooperation among Chinese and foreign academic circles, civil society organizations and think tanks.

Article 18 — The State shall incorporate education on fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation into the systems of national education, education of officials and social education. People’s governments at all levels shall make full use of the fine traditional Chinese cultural resources, revolutionary resources and various resources reflecting the achievements of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, adopt multiple forms in light of local conditions, and extensively carry out education on fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation.

Article 19 — News media such as newspapers and periodicals, radio and television, publishing units and network service providers shall carry out publicity, reporting and display of achievements concerning fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and advancing the building of the community for the Chinese nation. The State shall advance the building of international communication capacity, support people-to-people exchanges with foreign countries, expound the history of the Chinese nation and the theory of the community for the Chinese nation, publicize the practice and achievements of building the community for the Chinese nation, promote better understanding and knowledge of the Chinese nation and Chinese culture around the world, and advance mutual learning among human civilizations.

Article 20 — People’s governments at all levels shall promote the integration of the requirement of fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation into the building of families, family education and family traditions. Parents or other guardians of minors shall perform their family education duties in accordance with the law, educate and guide minors to love the Communist Party of China, the motherland, the people and the Chinese nation, establish the notion that the Chinese nation is one big family, and shall not instill in minors ideas that are detrimental to ethnic unity and progress.

Article 21 — The State shall support the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Macao Special Administrative Region in conducting education on the history of the Chinese nation, Chinese culture and national conditions, and guide compatriots in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Macao Special Administrative Region to consciously safeguard national sovereignty, security and development interests. The State shall promote economic and cultural exchanges and cooperation between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait, deepen integrated development across the Strait in all fields, enhance the sense of belonging, identity and honor of our compatriots in Taiwan toward the Chinese nation, promote joint inheritance and promotion of Chinese culture by compatriots on both sides of the Strait, and strengthen their awareness that both belong to the Chinese nation and are both Chinese. The State shall strengthen contacts and exchanges with overseas Chinese, and support overseas Chinese in promoting Chinese culture and fostering cultural exchanges and cooperation between China and other countries.

Chapter III — Promoting Interaction, Exchange and Integration

Article 22 — People’s governments at or above the county level shall coordinate economic and social development planning and the allocation of public resources, advance the building of inter-embedded community environments, and improve the social conditions for people of all ethnic groups to live together, study together, build together, share together, work together and enjoy life together.

Article 23 — Local people’s governments at or above the county level shall incorporate the requirement of fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation into the entire process of urban planning, construction, governance and services, and improve, in light of local conditions, friendly, inclusive and integrative urban ethnic work policies and measures. Local people’s governments at all levels shall, in light of local realities, adopt specific measures in urban and rural development, population management, housing policy, employment and entrepreneurship, social services and other respects to promote the unity and integration of all ethnic groups. Local people’s governments at all levels shall organize and guide the people of all ethnic groups to jointly participate in community building, community governance and community activities, support relevant units and organizations in providing social services, and promote harmonious coexistence and integration of the people of all ethnic groups.

Article 24 — People’s governments at or above the county level shall strengthen the joint building of service platforms for population mobility and the sharing of information between ethnic minority areas and between ethnic minority areas and other areas, enhance coordination capacity, and raise the level of convenience of cross-regional government services.

Article 25 — People’s governments at or above the county level shall, in accordance with the law, safeguard the lawful rights and interests of citizens who seek employment or start businesses across regions between ethnic minority areas and between ethnic minority areas and other areas, support training in laws, regulations and policies, the standard spoken and written Chinese language, vocational skills and other fields, and provide vocational guidance, job introduction and other services.

Article 26 — The education administrative department of the State Council and provincial-level people’s governments shall support two-way cross-regional enrollment by institutions of higher learning in ethnic minority areas and other areas, and strengthen coordination in personnel training. The education administrative department of the State Council and local people’s governments at or above the county level shall encourage and support exchanges among teachers in ethnic minority areas and other areas. Schools of all levels and types and other educational institutions shall, in light of the characteristics of the schools and students, promote joint learning, joint living and joint growth and progress among students of all ethnic groups.

Article 27 — People’s governments at all levels shall support schools, mass organizations and other social organizations in using the historical and cultural resources concerning the formation and development of the community for the Chinese nation to carry out exchange activities such as cross-regional social practice, study tours and educational visits for young people, so as to enhance national pride and self-confidence.

Article 28 — People’s governments at all levels shall encourage and support volunteers and volunteer service organizations in promoting exchange, cooperation, friendship and mutual assistance among the people of all ethnic groups in various volunteer service activities.

Article 29 — The State shall enhance mutual learning and integration among the cultures of all ethnic groups, and encourage all ethnic groups to appreciate each other’s fine traditional cultures and learn each other’s spoken and written languages. People’s governments at all levels shall support cultural workers and relevant units in creating and displaying literary and artistic works that embody the depth of Chinese culture and reflect the interaction, exchange and integration of all ethnic groups. People’s governments at all levels shall support public cultural service institutions such as libraries, museums, cultural centers (stations), memorial halls, art galleries, science and technology museums, workers’ cultural palaces and youth palaces in carrying out exhibitions and exchange activities reflecting the history of the Chinese nation and the prosperity and development of the country. People’s governments at all levels shall, relying on the rich cultural, sports and other resources of the Chinese nation, encourage and support the holding of exchange activities such as traditional Chinese festivals, folk culture events and sports competitions that are loved by and jointly participated in by the people of all ethnic groups.

Article 30 — The State shall give play to the positive role of the tourism industry in promoting interaction, exchange and integration among all ethnic groups, advance the deep integration of culture and tourism, and develop tourism routes and cultural and creative products conducive to promoting Chinese culture. The ethnic affairs departments of people’s governments at or above the county level shall, together with the culture and tourism, cultural relics and other departments, and relying on the theory and historical materials concerning the community for the Chinese nation, standardize the contents of exhibitions and displays, explanations and other matters.

Article 31 — The State shall support the use of the internet, big data, artificial intelligence and other modern technological means to carry out exchange activities, encourage and guide providers of online products and services to produce and disseminate works and information that embody the great unity of the Chinese nation, and create a harmonious online environment conducive to fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation. No organization or individual may produce or disseminate, in the form of text, images, audio, video or otherwise, information containing ethnic hatred, ethnic discrimination or other content that undermines ethnic unity and progress. Network operators shall strengthen the management of information published by their users and, upon discovering information containing the content undermining ethnic unity and progress as specified in the preceding paragraph, shall immediately stop transmitting such information in accordance with the law, adopt disposal measures such as removing it, prevent the spread of the information, preserve relevant records, and report to the relevant competent departments.

Chapter IV — Promoting Common Prosperity and Development

Article 32 — The State shall implement the new development philosophy, support ethnic minority areas in comprehensively deepening reform and opening-up, fully integrating into the national development strategy and enhancing their capacity for self-development, accelerate high-quality development in ethnic minority areas, promote common prosperity among all ethnic groups, and advance all ethnic groups toward socialist modernization.

Article 33 — People’s governments at or above the county level and their relevant departments shall, when formulating and implementing plans, programs, policies and measures in the field of economic and social development, ensure that they are conducive to fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and advancing the building of the community for the Chinese nation, conducive to safeguarding national unity and opposing secession, and conducive to improving people’s livelihood and rallying public support.

Article 34 — The State shall promote coordinated regional development, improve the mechanisms for integrated regional development and differentiated regional support policies, and improve the assistance and coordination mechanisms such as paired assistance and east-west collaboration. The State shall support ethnic minority areas in, in light of their regional development priority positioning, coordinating development and security, and in undertaking their missions and responsibilities and fully playing their role in safeguarding national border security, resource and energy security, food security, ecological security and other respects. The State shall support ethnic minority areas in leveraging their own strengths, serving the building of the new development pattern with the domestic circulation as the mainstay and the domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other, and deeply integrating into the high-quality joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative.

Article 35 — The relevant departments of the State Council and local people’s governments at or above the county level shall strengthen the building of transport, energy, water conservancy, information, logistics and other infrastructure, and promote interconnectivity between ethnic minority areas and other areas.

Article 36 — The State shall build a modern industrial system, develop new quality productive forces in light of local conditions, advance in an orderly manner the building of mechanisms for inter-regional industrial cooperation and benefit sharing, and support ethnic minority areas in fully playing their role in optimizing the layout of regional industrial chains and supply chains and advancing the building of a unified national market. The relevant departments of the State Council and local people’s governments at or above the county level shall support ethnic minority areas in, based on their resource endowments and using modern science and technology, developing agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, the processing of agricultural and sideline food products, the textile industry, culture and tourism, as well as distinctive and advantageous industries such as traditional crafts and traditional medicine, developing and strengthening the new-type rural collective economy, and advancing comprehensive rural revitalization and integrated urban-rural development.

Article 37 — The relevant departments of the State Council and local people’s governments at or above the county level shall promote the rational allocation of public service resources in employment, education, medical care and other respects, enhance the balance and accessibility of basic public services, promote the coordinated development of education of all levels and types in ethnic minority areas, and improve the capacity of ethnic minority areas to provide public services.

Article 38 — The relevant departments of the State Council and local people’s governments at or above the county level shall coordinate and optimize various spatial layouts such as those for agriculture, ecology and urban areas, strengthen ecological environment protection and the sustainable use of natural resources in ethnic minority areas, and guide the people of all ethnic groups to jointly safeguard the ecological space for the sustainable development of the Chinese nation.

Article 39 — The relevant departments of the State Council and local people’s governments at or above the county level in border areas shall coordinate the advancement of prospering the border areas and enriching the residents and stabilizing and consolidating the border, encourage support for the development of border areas, advance the building of infrastructure and public service facilities, and improve the living environment and production and living conditions of border villages. The relevant departments of the State Council and local people’s governments at or above the county level in border areas shall strengthen the building of the system of towns and cities along the border, improve development and opening-up policies, advance the building of facilities for development and opening-up platforms and industrial platforms, enhance industrial support capacity, support border trade, develop border tourism, and encourage cross-border economic cooperation.

Article 40 — The State shall strengthen the cultivation of new trends and features of the times, advance the building of civic morality, carry out public legal publicity and education and the popularization of science and technology, promote the reform of outdated customs and habits, advocate civilized and progressive new practices, and guide the people of all ethnic groups to consciously abide by laws and regulations and follow public order and good customs in activities such as daily interactions, weddings, funerals and marriages. The State shall protect citizens’ freedom of marriage. No organization or individual may interfere with the freedom of marriage on the grounds of ethnic identity, customs and habits, religious belief or otherwise.

Chapter V — Safeguards and Supervision

Article 41 — The pattern of ethnic work characterized by unified leadership of Party committees, lawful administration by the government, leading coordination by united front work departments, due performance of duties by ethnic affairs departments, full cooperation among all departments and broad participation of the whole society shall be upheld and improved, and the coordination mechanisms for ethnic work shall be refined. The central united front work department and the ethnic affairs department of the State Council shall be responsible for the overall coordination, supervision and implementation of the work across the country to foster a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and promote ethnic unity and progress. Local united front work departments and ethnic affairs departments at all levels shall be responsible for the coordination, promotion, organization, implementation, supervision and implementation of the work in their respective regions to foster a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and promote ethnic unity and progress.

Article 42 — All departments of central and state organs and all local organs and departments shall, within the scope of their respective duties, carry out the work of fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and promoting ethnic unity and progress. All organs shall promptly stop acts that undermine ethnic unity and progress occurring within their own units. Public officials shall, in performing their duties and in daily life, play an exemplary and leading role in fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and promoting ethnic unity and progress.

Article 43 — People’s congresses at all levels and the standing committees of people’s congresses at or above the county level shall, in accordance with their statutory functions and powers, implement the requirements of fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and advancing the building of the community for the Chinese nation in all their work.

Article 44 — Trade unions, the Communist Youth League, women’s federations, federations of industry and commerce, federations of literary and art circles, writers’ associations, associations for science and technology, federations of returned overseas Chinese, federations of Taiwan compatriots, disabled persons’ federations and other mass organizations shall give play to their respective strengths, carry out work to foster a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation in the fields they are connected with, and unite the groups they are connected with to contribute to the building of the community for the Chinese nation.

Article 45 — Enterprises and public institutions shall observe public morality, fulfill their social responsibilities, integrate the requirement of fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation into activities such as business training and cultural development, and promote ethnic unity and progress. Social organizations such as industry associations, chambers of commerce, academic societies and foundations shall embody the requirement of fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation in their industry self-discipline norms, professional ethics standards or organizational charters, and promote ethnic unity and progress in connection with their business work.

Article 46 — Religious groups, religious institutions and venues for religious activities shall carry out publicity and education on fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, uphold the direction of adapting religions to the Chinese context, guide religions to adapt to socialist society, guide religious clergy and believers to carry forward the tradition of patriotism, and promote harmony among ethnic groups, harmony among religions and harmony in society.

Article 47 — People’s governments at the primary level shall provide guidance, support and assistance to residents’ committees and villagers’ committees in carrying out work to foster a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation. Residents’ committees and villagers’ committees shall promote the embodiment of the requirement of fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation in residents’ conventions and village rules and regulations, and support and guide the people of all ethnic groups in enhancing unity, mutual respect and mutual assistance so as to promote common progress.

Article 48 — The armed forces shall, in accordance with this Law and relevant legal provisions, carry out publicity and education on fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation in connection with national defense activities, make full use of their own resources to support the building of the community for the Chinese nation, consolidate and develop unity between the military and the government and between the military and the people, and safeguard national unity and security.

Article 49 — The State shall run the requirement of fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation through the entire process of the training, selection, use and management of officials, strengthen the building of the contingent of officials in ethnic minority areas, and attach importance to the training and use of officials from ethnic minorities. The State shall support the training of professional and technical personnel and highly skilled personnel in ethnic minority areas, promote exchanges of officials and personnel between ethnic minority areas and between ethnic minority areas and other areas, and guide the flow of officials and personnel to the primary level in ethnic minority areas.

Article 50 — People’s governments at or above the county level shall incorporate the work of fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and promoting ethnic unity and progress into their plans for national economic and social development and their annual plans, and include relevant work funds in their budgets. The finance departments of people’s governments at or above the county level shall, in accordance with the law, provide guidance and supervision over the use of funds and related matters.

Article 51 — The State shall incorporate ethnic affairs into the social governance mechanism of joint contribution, joint governance and shared benefits, strengthen organizational coordination and primary-level governance capacity, reinforce scientific and technological support, and improve the effectiveness of social governance.

Article 52 — The relevant departments of the State Council and local people’s governments at all levels shall implement the holistic approach to national security, improve the system for requesting instructions from and reporting to higher authorities on major matters in the field of ethnic affairs, strengthen the investigation, identification, assessment, early warning and disposal of major risks and hidden dangers in the field of ethnic affairs, enhance the capacity to prevent and defuse risks, and safeguard national security and social stability.

Article 53 — Local people’s governments at all levels and relevant organs shall strengthen the building of capacity to prevent and resolve conflicts and disputes, give play to the role of diversified dispute resolution mechanisms, accurately determine the nature of disputes, handle and resolve disputes in accordance with the law, and safeguard ethnic unity. No organization or individual may deliberately trigger or aggravate conflicts or disrupt public order on the grounds of ethnic identity, customs and habits, religious belief or otherwise.

Article 54 — Citizens have the right to make complaints and reports against acts that undermine ethnic unity and progress, and have the right to report state organs and their staff members that fail to perform or incorrectly perform their statutory duties of fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and promoting ethnic unity and progress. Where acts in violation of the provisions of this Law undermine ethnic unity and progress and harm the interests of the State or the public interest, the people’s procuratorates may institute public interest litigation in accordance with the law.

Article 55 — In carrying out the work of creating demonstration models of ethnic unity and progress, the requirement of fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation shall be highlighted. Collectives and individuals that have made outstanding contributions to the cause of ethnic unity and progress shall be commended and rewarded in accordance with relevant state provisions.

Article 56 — The fourth week of September each year shall be the publicity week for ethnic unity and progress, during which the State shall, through multiple forms, carry out concentrated publicity and education activities on fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation.

Chapter VI — Legal Liability

Article 57 — Where state organs or their staff members fail to perform or incorrectly perform their duties prescribed by this Law, or fail to promptly stop and handle in accordance with the law the illegal acts specified in Articles 58, 59, 60 and 61 of this Law, they shall be ordered to make corrections by their competent departments or the relevant organs; where adverse consequences or effects are caused, the leading personnel and directly responsible persons who bear responsibility shall be given sanctions in accordance with the law; and where a crime is constituted, criminal liability shall be pursued in accordance with the law.

Article 58 — Where any organization or individual violates the relevant provisions of this Law and undermines ethnic unity and progress, the relevant departments of people’s governments at or above the county level shall, in accordance with their duties, promptly stop the act, order correction, and impose penalties in accordance with the law. Where the act constitutes a violation of public security administration, the public security organs shall impose public security administration penalties in accordance with the law; and where a crime is constituted, criminal liability shall be pursued in accordance with the law.

Article 59 — Where any organization or individual engages in employment discrimination on the grounds of ethnic identity, refuses to provide goods or services, or commits other discriminatory acts prohibited by laws and regulations, the ethnic affairs, human resources and social security, market regulation and other relevant departments of people’s governments at or above the county level shall, in accordance with their duties, order correction; where adverse consequences or effects are caused, a warning or a notice of criticism shall be given. Where laws and regulations provide otherwise for penalties, such provisions shall prevail.

Article 60 — Social organizations, enterprises, public institutions and other social organizations shall promptly stop acts undermining ethnic unity and progress occurring within their own units; where they fail to do so in a timely manner and adverse consequences or effects are caused, the higher-level organs or the relevant competent departments shall give them a warning or a notice of criticism, and shall pursue legal liability, in accordance with the law, against the directly responsible persons in charge and other directly responsible persons.

Article 61 — Where network operators violate the provisions of this Law and fail to perform their management responsibilities, the cyberspace administration, telecommunications, public security, national security, press and publication, radio and television and other relevant competent departments shall, in accordance with their duties, order them to make corrections; where they refuse to make corrections or the circumstances are serious, penalties shall be imposed in accordance with the law.

Article 62 — Whoever organizes, plans or carries out violent terrorist activities, ethnic separatist activities or religious extremist activities, where a crime is constituted, shall be pursued for criminal liability in accordance with the law. Whoever incites or funds the commission of the acts specified in the preceding paragraph, where a crime is constituted, shall be pursued for criminal liability in accordance with the law.

Article 63 — Organizations and individuals outside the People’s Republic of China that commit acts undermining ethnic unity and progress or creating ethnic division against the People’s Republic of China shall be pursued for legal liability in accordance with the law.

Chapter VII — Supplementary Provisions

Article 64 — The people’s congresses and their standing committees of provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, cities divided into districts and autonomous prefectures may, in light of local realities, formulate local regulations on promoting ethnic unity and progress.

Article 65 — This Law shall come into force on July 1, 2026.