Law of the PRC on Promoting Ethnic Unity and Progress — Full English Translation (2026)

Adopted at the Fourth Session of the Fourteenth National People’s Congress on March 12, 2026

Effective: July 1, 2026

Table of Contents

Preamble

China is one of the countries with the longest history in the world, and the Chinese nation is a great nation with a civilization history of more than five thousand years. Through prolonged exchanges, communication and integration, the people of all ethnic groups in China have together opened up the vast territory of the motherland, together established a unified multi-ethnic country, together written the glorious history of China, together created the splendid Chinese culture, and together fostered the great national spirit, thereby forging a community with a shared future in which their bloodlines are intertwined, their beliefs are shared, their cultures are connected, their economies are interdependent, and their sentiments are close.

After 1840, feudal China gradually degenerated into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country. The people of all ethnic groups in China always upheld the great-unity conviction that the territory must not be divided, the state must not be thrown into chaos, the nation must not be split, and the civilization must not be severed; and through their heroic struggles to save the nation from subjugation and to jointly resist foreign aggression, they accomplished the great transformation of the Chinese nation from a spontaneous community to a self-conscious community.

The Communist Party of China is the vanguard of the Chinese working class and, at the same time, the vanguard of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation. It has always taken seeking happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation as its original aspiration and mission, and has united and led the people of all ethnic groups across the country to achieve national independence and the people’s liberation, to establish the People’s Republic of China, and to ensure that the people of all ethnic groups truly gain equal political rights and jointly become masters of the country, so as to realize common unity, common struggle and common prosperity and development among all ethnic groups, creatively blaze a correct path for resolving ethnic issues with Chinese characteristics, and bring about historic changes in the outlook of the Chinese nation.

As socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, the Communist Party of China has persisted in integrating Marxist ethnic theory with the concrete realities of China’s ethnic issues and with China’s fine traditional culture, has taken forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation as the main line of the Party’s ethnic work and of all work in ethnic regions, has formed the Party’s important thought on strengthening and improving ethnic work, has opened up a new realm for adapting Marxist ethnic theory to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, and has secured historic achievements in building the community for the Chinese nation.

The Chinese nation is a large family of unity in diversity formed by all ethnic groups. Ethnic unity is the lifeline of the people of all ethnic groups in China. Realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is the common pursuit of all the sons and daughters of the Chinese nation, and safeguarding national unity and promoting ethnic unity and progress is the common responsibility of all Chinese people.

The people of all ethnic groups throughout the country, all state organs and armed forces, all political parties and social organizations, and all enterprises, public institutions and organizations shall, in accordance with the Constitution and laws, take forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and advancing the building of the community for the Chinese nation as their common task, keep in mind the fundamental and overall interests of the Chinese nation, take enhancing commonality as the direction, safeguard, consolidate and develop socialist ethnic relations characterized by equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony, promote the cause of ethnic unity and progress with high quality, advance Chinese-style modernization through the great unity of the Chinese nation, and strive in unity for building a modern socialist country in all respects and for comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

Chapter I — General Provisions

Article 1 — This Law is enacted in accordance with the Constitution for the purposes of promoting ethnic unity and progress, forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, advancing the building of the community for the Chinese nation, and promoting the realization of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

Article 2 — The cause of ethnic unity and progress shall uphold the overall leadership of the Communist Party of China, hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, adhere to Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development, fully implement Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, consolidate the common ideological and political foundation for the unity and struggle of all ethnic groups, unswervingly follow the correct path of resolving ethnic issues with Chinese characteristics, and pool strength for building a strong country and rejuvenating the nation.

Article 3 — In forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, the people of all ethnic groups shall be guided to firmly foster the community concept of sharing weal and woe, sharing honor and disgrace, sharing life and death, and sharing a common destiny, so as to enhance the cohesion of the Chinese nation.

Article 4 — In advancing the building of the community for the Chinese nation, economic, political, cultural, social and ecological progress shall be planned as a whole so as to fully realize the common prosperity and development of all ethnic groups, ensure that the people of all ethnic groups jointly become masters of the country, build a shared spiritual home of the Chinese nation, promote all-round inter-embedding and extensive exchanges, communication and integration among all ethnic groups, and jointly safeguard an ecological homeland in which humanity and nature coexist in harmony, thereby promoting the Chinese nation to become a community with a shared future with higher levels of identification and stronger cohesion.

Article 5 — Citizens of the People’s Republic of China are equal before the law.

All ethnic groups of the People’s Republic of China are equal. Discrimination against and oppression of any ethnic group are prohibited.

Article 6 — A strong sense of community for the Chinese nation is the foundation of ethnic unity. The state shall adhere to enhancing commonality while respecting and embracing diversity, promote mutual care, mutual assistance and harmonious coexistence among all ethnic groups, and safeguard the great unity of the Chinese nation. Acts that undermine ethnic unity or create ethnic division are prohibited.

Article 7 — The state shall promote common unity and struggle and common prosperity and development among all ethnic groups, promote the coordinated development of material, political, spiritual, social and ecological civilization, and comprehensively advance the development and progress of the Chinese nation.

Article 8 — The state shall uphold and improve the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and safeguard national unity and ethnic unity.

Article 9 — The state shall administer ethnic affairs in accordance with the law, protect the lawful rights and interests of the people of all ethnic groups in accordance with the law, strengthen publicity and education on the Constitution and laws, enhance the people’s awareness of the state, of citizenship and of the rule of law, uphold the unity, dignity and authority of the socialist legal system, and modernize the system and capacity for administering ethnic affairs on the track of the rule of law.

Article 10 — Citizens of the People’s Republic of China have the duty to safeguard national unity and the unity of all ethnic groups throughout the country, and shall safeguard national sovereignty, security and development interests.

The cause of ethnic unity and progress is not subject to interference by external forces. All acts of smearing and defaming, containing and suppressing, or infiltrating and undermining the People’s Republic of China under the pretext of ethnicity, religion, human rights or otherwise shall be resolutely opposed.

Chapter II — Building a Shared Spiritual Home

Article 11 — The state shall adhere to the guidance of the core socialist values, deepen education in patriotism, collectivism and socialism, guide the people of all ethnic groups to carry forward the national spirit centered on patriotism and the spirit of the times centered on reform and innovation, and strengthen their identification with the great motherland, the Chinese nation, Chinese culture, the Communist Party of China, and socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Article 12 — The state shall organize publicity and education on the history of the Communist Party of China, the history of New China, the history of reform and opening up, the history of socialist development, and the history of the development of the Chinese nation, and guide the people of all ethnic groups to firmly foster correct views of the state, history, ethnicity, culture and religion.

Citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall enhance their national consciousness, carry forward the spirit of patriotism, and uphold the dignity of national symbols and signs such as the national flag, the national anthem and the national emblem.

Article 13 — The state shall develop advanced socialist culture, carry forward revolutionary culture, and inherit China’s fine traditional culture, so as to guide the people of all ethnic groups to enhance their identification with Chinese culture and strengthen their confidence in Chinese culture.

The fine traditional cultures of all ethnic groups are components of Chinese culture. The state shall adhere to leading the creative transformation and innovative development of the fine traditional cultures of all ethnic groups with advanced socialist culture, and support the publicity and promotion of China’s fine traditional culture.

The people’s governments at all levels shall strengthen the exploration, protection and rational use of various cultural resources that reflect the formation and development of the community for the Chinese nation, including cultural relics and historic sites, traditional buildings, famous cities, towns and villages, historic blocks and traditional villages, as well as intangible cultural heritage.

Article 14 — The state shall establish and highlight Chinese cultural symbols and the image of the Chinese nation shared by all ethnic groups, and promote the building of a symbol system of Chinese civilization by drawing on resources such as the cultural and natural heritage of the Chinese nation.

The people’s governments at all levels shall encourage and support the display and exhibition of Chinese cultural symbols and the image of the Chinese nation in public facilities, planning and architectural design, exhibitions in scenic areas, place naming and public activities.

Citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall safeguard the image of the Chinese nation, respect the history of the formation and development of the Chinese nation, and shall not insult, belittle or desecrate it.

Article 15 — The state shall comprehensively promote and popularize the standard spoken and written Chinese language. No organization or individual may hinder citizens from learning and using the standard spoken and written Chinese language.

Schools and other educational institutions shall use the standard spoken and written Chinese language as the basic language for education and teaching. The state shall promote preschool children’s learning of Mandarin and enable adolescents who have completed compulsory education to basically master the standard spoken and written Chinese language.

State organs shall use the standard spoken and written Chinese language as the language for official affairs. Where documents are required to be issued in the spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities in accordance with relevant laws, versions in both the standard spoken and written Chinese language and the spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities shall be provided at the same time.

Where state organs, social organizations, enterprises, public institutions and other social organizations need to use both the standard spoken and written Chinese language and the spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities in public, the standard spoken and written Chinese language shall be given prominence in terms of position and order.

The state shall respect and protect the learning and use of the spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities, promote the standardization and informatization of those languages, and support the protection, sorting, research and use of ancient books of ethnic minorities.

Article 16 — Schools and other educational institutions at all levels and of all types shall run the requirement of forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation through the whole process of education and integrate it into an education system that combines classroom teaching, social practice, thematic education and online education.

Schools and other educational institutions at all levels and of all types shall use state-compiled teaching materials in accordance with relevant state regulations. The education administrative departments shall implement the requirement of forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation in the compilation and review of teaching materials.

The education administrative and ethnic affairs departments of the State Council shall organize the compilation of a series of teaching materials or reading materials on the community for the Chinese nation.

Article 17 — The state shall promote the building of a Chinese autonomous system of historical materials, discourse and theories on the community for the Chinese nation, support institutions of higher learning, scientific research institutions and other entities in strengthening research on major fundamental issues concerning the community for the Chinese nation, expound the history and connotations of the pattern of unity in diversity of the Chinese nation and Chinese civilization, and reveal the logic, scholarship and philosophy of the formation and development of the Chinese nation.

The state shall support the training of talent for theoretical research on the community for the Chinese nation, optimize the setting and layout of disciplines and specialties, advance the building of the disciplinary system, and strengthen the building of research institutions on the community for the Chinese nation.

The state shall support the building of platforms for academic exchange on the community for the Chinese nation, and promote exchanges and cooperation among Chinese and foreign academic circles, non-governmental organizations and think tanks.

Article 18 — The state shall incorporate education in forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation into the systems of national education, cadre education and social education.

The people’s governments at all levels shall make full use of China’s fine traditional cultural resources, red resources and various resources reflecting the achievements of socialist construction with Chinese characteristics, and extensively carry out education in forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation in various forms in light of local conditions.

Article 19 — News media such as newspapers, periodicals, radio and television, publishing entities, and internet service providers shall carry out publicity, reporting, achievement exhibitions and other work concerning forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and advancing the building of the community for the Chinese nation.

The state shall advance the building of international communication capacity, support people-to-people exchanges with foreign countries, expound the history of the Chinese nation and theories on the community for the Chinese nation, publicize the practice and achievements of building the community for the Chinese nation, and promote a better understanding and knowledge of the Chinese nation and Chinese culture around the world, so as to promote exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations.

Article 20 — The people’s governments at all levels shall promote the integration of the requirement of forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation into the building of family, family education and family traditions.

Parents or other guardians of minors shall perform their family education duties in accordance with the law, educate and guide minors to love the Communist Party of China, love the motherland, love the people and love the Chinese nation, foster the concept that the Chinese nation is one family, and shall not instill in minors concepts that are detrimental to ethnic unity and progress.

Article 21 — The state shall support the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Macao Special Administrative Region in carrying out education on the history of the Chinese nation, Chinese culture and national conditions, and guide the compatriots of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Macao Special Administrative Region to consciously safeguard national sovereignty, security and development interests.

The state shall promote economic and cultural exchanges and cooperation across the Taiwan Strait, deepen integrated development in various fields across the Strait, enhance the sense of belonging, identification and honor of Taiwan compatriots toward the Chinese nation, promote the joint inheritance and promotion of Chinese culture by compatriots on both sides of the Strait, and strengthen the recognition that they both belong to the Chinese nation and are both Chinese.

The state shall strengthen contacts and exchanges with overseas Chinese, and support overseas Chinese in promoting Chinese culture and facilitating cultural exchanges and cooperation between China and foreign countries.

Chapter III — Promoting Exchanges, Communication and Integration

Article 22 — The people’s governments at or above the county level shall coordinate economic and social development planning and the allocation of public resources, advance the building of an inter-embedded community environment, and improve the social conditions for the people of all ethnic groups to live, study, build, share, work and enjoy together.

Article 23 — The local people’s governments at or above the county level shall incorporate the requirement of forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation into the whole process of urban planning, construction, governance and services, and improve friendly, inclusive and integrated urban ethnic work policies and measures in light of local conditions.

Local people’s governments at all levels shall, in light of local realities, take specific measures in urban and rural development, population management, housing policy, employment and entrepreneurship, and social services to promote unity and integration among all ethnic groups.

Local people’s governments at all levels shall organize and guide the people of all ethnic groups to jointly participate in community building, community governance and community activities, and support relevant entities and organizations in providing social services, so as to promote harmonious coexistence of the people of all ethnic groups.

Article 24 — The people’s governments at or above the county level shall strengthen the joint building of platforms and sharing of information for population mobility services between ethnic regions and between ethnic regions and other regions, enhance the capacity for collaboration, and raise the level of convenience of cross-regional government services.

Article 25 — The people’s governments at or above the county level shall, in accordance with the law, protect the lawful rights and interests of citizens who seek employment or start businesses across regions between ethnic regions or between ethnic regions and other regions, support training in laws, regulations and policies, the standard spoken and written Chinese language, and vocational skills, and provide services such as vocational guidance and job introduction.

Article 26 — The education administrative departments of the State Council and the people’s governments at the provincial level shall support cross-regional two-way enrollment of institutions of higher learning between ethnic regions and other regions, and strengthen collaboration in talent training.

The education administrative departments of the State Council and local people’s governments at or above the county level shall encourage and support exchanges among teachers between ethnic regions and other regions.

Schools and other educational institutions at all levels and of all types shall, in light of the characteristics of schools and students, promote joint learning, joint living and joint growth and progress among students of all ethnic groups.

Article 27 — The people’s governments at all levels shall support schools, mass organizations and other social organizations in using the historical and cultural resources of the formation and development of the community for the Chinese nation to carry out exchange activities such as cross-regional social practice, study tours and visits and inspections for young people, so as to enhance their sense of national pride and self-confidence.

Article 28 — The people’s governments at all levels shall encourage and support volunteers and volunteer service organizations in promoting exchanges, cooperation and fraternal mutual assistance among the people of all ethnic groups in various volunteer service activities.

Article 29 — The state shall enhance mutual appreciation and integration among ethnic cultures, and encourage all ethnic groups to appreciate each other’s fine traditional cultures and learn each other’s spoken and written languages. The people’s governments at all levels shall support cultural workers and relevant entities in creating and displaying literary and artistic works that embody the cultural heritage of the Chinese nation and reflect the exchanges, communication and integration among all ethnic groups.

The people’s governments at all levels shall support public cultural service entities such as libraries, museums, cultural centers (stations), memorial halls, art galleries, science and technology museums, workers’ cultural palaces and youth palaces in carrying out exhibitions and exchange activities reflecting the history of the Chinese nation and the prosperity and development of the country.

The people’s governments at all levels shall, by drawing on the rich cultural and sports resources of the Chinese nation, encourage and support the holding of exchange activities such as traditional festivals, folk cultural activities and sports events of the Chinese nation that the people of all ethnic groups enjoy and participate in together.

Article 30 — The state shall give play to the positive role of tourism in promoting exchanges, communication and integration among all ethnic groups, advance the deep integrated development of culture and tourism, and develop tourism routes and cultural and creative products conducive to promoting Chinese culture.

The ethnic affairs departments of the people’s governments at or above the county level shall, in conjunction with the culture and tourism, cultural relics and other departments, standardize the content of exhibitions, displays and explanations by drawing on the theories and historical materials of the community for the Chinese nation.

Article 31 — The state shall support the use of modern technologies such as the internet, big data and artificial intelligence to carry out exchange activities, encourage and guide providers of online products and services to produce and disseminate works and information that embody the great unity of the Chinese nation, and foster a harmonious online environment conducive to forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation. No organization or individual may produce or disseminate, in the form of text, pictures, audio, video or otherwise, information containing content such as ethnic hatred or ethnic discrimination that undermines ethnic unity and progress.

Internet operators shall strengthen the management of information published by their users; upon discovering information containing content that undermines ethnic unity and progress as specified in the preceding paragraph, they shall immediately stop transmitting such information in accordance with the law, take disposal measures such as removal, prevent the spread of the information, preserve the relevant records, and report to the relevant competent authorities.

Chapter IV — Promoting Common Prosperity and Development

Article 32 — The state shall implement the new development philosophy, support ethnic regions in comprehensively deepening reform and opening up, fully integrating into the national development strategy and enhancing their capacity for self-development, accelerate the high-quality development of ethnic regions, advance common prosperity among all ethnic groups, and promote the joint advance of all ethnic groups toward socialist modernization.

Article 33 — The people’s governments at or above the county level and their relevant departments shall, in formulating and implementing plans, programs, policies and measures in the field of economic and social development, ensure that they are conducive to forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and advancing the building of the community for the Chinese nation, conducive to safeguarding national unity and opposing division, and conducive to improving people’s livelihood and rallying popular support.

Article 34 — The state shall promote coordinated regional development, improve the mechanism for regional integrated development and differentiated regional support policies, and improve assistance and collaboration mechanisms such as paired assistance and east-west cooperation.

The state shall support ethnic regions in coordinating development and security in light of their principal functional positioning, and in shouldering their missions and responsibilities and fully playing their roles in safeguarding national border security, resource and energy security, food security and ecological security.

The state shall support ethnic regions in leveraging their own advantages, serving the building of the new development paradigm with the domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other, and deeply integrating into high-quality Belt and Road cooperation.

Article 35 — The relevant departments of the State Council and local people’s governments at or above the county level shall strengthen the building of infrastructure in transportation, energy, water conservancy, information and logistics, and advance interconnectivity between ethnic regions and other regions.

Article 36 — The state shall build a modern industrial system, develop new quality productive forces in light of local conditions, advance in an orderly manner the building of mechanisms for inter-regional industrial cooperation and benefit sharing, and support ethnic regions in fully playing their roles in optimizing the layout of regional industrial chains and supply chains and in building a unified national market.

The relevant departments of the State Council and local people’s governments at or above the county level shall support ethnic regions in developing, based on their resource endowments and by using modern science and technology, such distinctive and advantageous industries as agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, processing of agricultural and sideline food products, textiles, and culture and tourism, as well as traditional crafts and traditional medicine, developing and strengthening new-type rural collective economies, and advancing all-round rural revitalization and integrated urban-rural development.

Article 37 — The relevant departments of the State Council and local people’s governments at or above the county level shall promote the rational allocation of public service resources in employment, education, medical care and other fields, enhance the balance and accessibility of basic public services, promote the coordinated development of education at all levels and of all types in ethnic regions, and improve the capacity of ethnic regions to provide public services.

Article 38 — The relevant departments of the State Council and local people’s governments at or above the county level shall coordinate and optimize the layout of agricultural, ecological, urban and other types of space, strengthen ecological and environmental protection and the sustainable use of natural resources in ethnic regions, and guide the people of all ethnic groups to jointly safeguard the ecological space for the sustainable development of the Chinese nation.

Article 39 — The relevant departments of the State Council and the local people’s governments at or above the county level in border areas shall coordinate and advance the revitalization of border areas and the enrichment of border residents and the stabilization and consolidation of border areas, encourage support for the building of border areas, advance the building of infrastructure and public service facilities, and improve the living environment and production and living conditions of border villages.

The relevant departments of the State Council and the local people’s governments at or above the county level in border areas shall strengthen the building of the system of cities and towns along the border, improve policies for development and opening up, advance the building of platforms and facilities for development and opening up and industrial platforms, enhance the capacity for industrial support, support border trade, develop border tourism, and encourage cross-border economic cooperation.

Article 40 — The state shall strengthen the cultivation of new trends and new looks of the times, advance the building of civic morality, carry out publicity and education on the rule of law among the public and the popularization of science and technology, promote the transformation of outdated customs and practices, advocate new civilized and progressive trends, and guide the people of all ethnic groups to consciously abide by laws and regulations and follow public order and good customs in activities such as daily interactions and weddings and funerals.

The state shall protect citizens’ freedom of marriage. No organization or individual may interfere with the freedom of marriage on the grounds of ethnic identity, customs and habits, religious belief or otherwise.

Chapter V — Safeguards and Supervision

Article 41 — The pattern of ethnic work featuring unified leadership by Party committees, administration by the government in accordance with the law, overall coordination by the united front work departments, due performance of duties by the ethnic affairs departments, full cooperation among all departments, and participation by the whole society shall be upheld and improved, and the coordination mechanism for ethnic work shall be improved.

The central united front work department and the ethnic affairs department of the State Council shall be responsible for the overall coordination, supervision and implementation of work nationwide on forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and promoting ethnic unity and progress. Local united front work departments and ethnic affairs departments at all levels shall be responsible for the coordination, promotion, organization, implementation, supervision and enforcement of such work in their respective regions.

Article 42 — All central and state organs and their departments and all local organs and their departments shall carry out work on forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and promoting ethnic unity and progress within the scope of their respective duties. Each organ shall promptly stop acts that undermine ethnic unity and progress occurring within its own unit.

Public officials shall play an exemplary and leading role in forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and promoting ethnic unity and progress in the performance of their duties and in daily life.

Article 43 — The people’s congresses at all levels and the standing committees of the people’s congresses at or above the county level shall, in accordance with their statutory functions and powers, implement the requirements of forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and advancing the building of the community for the Chinese nation in all their work.

Article 44 — Trade unions, the Communist Youth League, women’s federations, federations of industry and commerce, federations of literary and art circles, writers’ associations, associations for science and technology, federations of returned overseas Chinese, federations of Taiwan compatriots, federations of persons with disabilities and other mass organizations shall leverage their respective strengths to carry out work on forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation among the fields they reach, and unite the groups they reach to contribute to the building of the community for the Chinese nation.

Article 45 — Enterprises, public institutions and organizations shall abide by social morality, fulfill their social responsibilities, and integrate the requirement of forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation into activities such as business training and cultural development, so as to promote ethnic unity and progress.

Social organizations such as industry associations, chambers of commerce, learned societies and foundations shall embody the requirement of forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation in their self-regulatory norms, professional ethics codes or organizational charters, and promote ethnic unity and progress in conjunction with their business work.

Article 46 — Religious groups, religious schools and venues for religious activities shall carry out publicity and education on forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, adhere to the orientation of the sinicization of religion in China, guide religions to adapt to socialist society, guide religious staff and religious believers to carry forward the patriotic tradition, and promote ethnic harmony, religious harmony and social harmony.

Article 47 — The grassroots people’s governments shall provide guidance, support and assistance to residents’ committees and villagers’ committees in carrying out work on forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation.

Residents’ committees and villagers’ committees shall promote the embodiment of the requirement of forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation in residents’ conventions and village rules and regulations, and support and guide the people of all ethnic groups to enhance unity, mutual respect and mutual assistance and promote common progress.

Article 48 — The armed forces shall, in accordance with this Law and relevant laws, carry out publicity and education on forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation in conjunction with national defense activities, make full use of their own resources to support the building of the community for the Chinese nation, consolidate and develop unity between the military and the government and between the military and the people, and safeguard national unity and security.

Article 49 — The state shall run the requirement of forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation through the whole process of the training, selection, use and management of cadres, strengthen the building of the cadre contingent in ethnic regions, and attach importance to the training and use of cadres from ethnic minorities.

The state shall support the training of professional and technical talent and highly skilled talent in ethnic regions, promote the exchange of cadres and talent between ethnic regions and between ethnic regions and other regions, and guide cadres and talent to move to the grassroots in ethnic regions.

Article 50 — The people’s governments at or above the county level shall incorporate the work of forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and promoting ethnic unity and progress into the national economic and social development plans and annual plans, and include the relevant work funds in their budgets.

The finance departments of the people’s governments at or above the county level shall provide guidance and supervision of the use of funds and other matters in accordance with the law.

Article 51 — The state shall incorporate ethnic affairs into the social governance mechanism featuring joint contribution, joint governance and shared benefits, strengthen organizational coordination and grassroots governance capacity, reinforce technological support, and enhance the efficacy of social governance.

Article 52 — The relevant departments of the State Council and local people’s governments at all levels shall implement a holistic approach to national security, improve the system of requesting instructions from and reporting to higher authorities on major ethnic matters, strengthen the investigation, identification, assessment, early warning and handling of major risks and hidden dangers in the ethnic field, enhance the capacity to prevent and defuse risks, and safeguard national security and social stability.

Article 53 — Local people’s governments at all levels and relevant organs shall strengthen the capacity to prevent and resolve conflicts and disputes, give play to the role of the diversified dispute resolution mechanism, accurately determine the nature of disputes, handle and resolve disputes in accordance with the law, and safeguard ethnic unity. No organization or individual may deliberately provoke or intensify conflicts or disrupt public order on the grounds of ethnic identity, customs and habits, religious belief or otherwise.

Article 54 — Citizens shall have the right to lodge complaints and reports against acts that undermine ethnic unity and progress, and the right to accuse state organs and their staff members of failing to perform or incorrectly performing their statutory duties in forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and promoting ethnic unity and progress.

Where any act in violation of this Law undermines ethnic unity and progress or harms state interests or the public interest, the people’s procuratorates may initiate public interest litigation in accordance with the law.

Article 55 — In carrying out the work of building models of ethnic unity and progress, the requirement of forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation shall be highlighted.

Collectives and individuals that have made outstanding contributions to the cause of ethnic unity and progress shall be commended and rewarded in accordance with relevant state regulations.

Article 56 — The fourth week of September each year shall be the publicity week for ethnic unity and progress, during which the state shall carry out intensive publicity and education activities on forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation in various forms.

Chapter VI — Legal Liability

Article 57 — Where a state organ or any of its staff members fails to perform or incorrectly performs the duties prescribed by this Law, or fails to promptly stop and handle, in accordance with the law, the illegal acts specified in Articles 58, 59, 60 and 61 of this Law, the competent department or the relevant organ shall order it to make corrections; where adverse consequences or effects are caused, the leading persons and the directly responsible persons shall be given sanctions in accordance with the law; and where a crime is constituted, criminal liability shall be pursued in accordance with the law.

Article 58 — Where any organization or individual, in violation of the relevant provisions of this Law, undermines ethnic unity and progress, the relevant departments of the people’s governments at or above the county level shall, in accordance with their duties, promptly stop the act, order corrections, and impose punishment in accordance with the law. Where the act constitutes a violation of public security administration, the public security organ shall impose public security administrative punishment in accordance with the law; and where a crime is constituted, criminal liability shall be pursued in accordance with the law.

Article 59 — Where any organization or individual commits employment discrimination on the grounds of ethnic identity, refuses to provide goods or services, or commits other discriminatory acts prohibited by laws and regulations, the ethnic affairs, human resources and social security, market regulation and other relevant departments at or above the county level shall, in accordance with their duties, order corrections; where adverse consequences or effects are caused, a warning shall be given or the act shall be circulated in a notice of criticism. Where laws and regulations provide otherwise for punishment, such provisions shall prevail.

Article 60 — Social organizations, enterprises, public institutions and other social organizations shall promptly stop acts that undermine ethnic unity and progress occurring within their own units; where they fail to do so promptly and adverse consequences or effects are caused, the higher-level organ or the relevant competent department shall give a warning or circulate a notice of criticism, and the directly responsible persons in charge and other directly responsible persons shall be held legally liable in accordance with the law.

Article 61 — Where an internet operator, in violation of this Law, fails to perform its management responsibilities, the cyberspace administration, telecommunications, public security, national security, press and publication, radio and television and other relevant competent departments shall, in accordance with their duties, order it to make corrections; where it refuses to make corrections or the circumstances are serious, punishment shall be imposed in accordance with the law.

Article 62 — Whoever organizes, plots or carries out violent terrorist activities, ethnic separatist activities or religious extremist activities, if the act constitutes a crime, shall be held criminally liable in accordance with the law.

Whoever incites or funds the commission of the acts specified in the preceding paragraph, if the act constitutes a crime, shall be held criminally liable in accordance with the law.

Article 63 — Organizations and individuals outside the territory of the People’s Republic of China that commit acts against the People’s Republic of China that undermine ethnic unity and progress or create ethnic division shall be held legally liable in accordance with the law.

Chapter VII — Supplementary Provisions

Article 64 — The people’s congresses and their standing committees of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and of cities divided into districts and autonomous prefectures may, in light of local realities, formulate local regulations to promote ethnic unity and progress.

Article 65 — This Law shall come into force on July 1, 2026.